Characterization of the activities developed by retired professors of Universidad Nacional de Colombia

Al formar parte del recurso humano de las Universidades, los docentes entran a ser parte importante del capital intelectual de las mismas al ser gestores y transmisores del conocimiento. Pero, se debe tener en cuenta que como seres humanos, pasan por distintas etapas en su ciclo de vida y que a lo largo de su historia van adquiriendo una trayectoria profesional, la cual al momento de la jubilación puede representar un capital invaluable, que por ende puede seguir siendo útil para la sociedad. Es en este punto donde surge el interrogante ¿A qué se dedican los docentes luego de la jubilación? Esta pregunta cobra validez dentro de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia debido a la consciencia que se tiene de la importancia, el potencial y creatividad de este grupo de docentes. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar una propuesta metodológica para la caracterización y análisis de las actividades profesionales realizadas por los docentes jubilados de las Instituciones de Educación Superior –IES-, en primer lugar, a partir de la revisión bibliográfica de los diferentes modelos de ciclo de vida profesional y la trayectoria científica de los docentes, y en segundo lugar, a partir del análisis de estudios realizados en Universidades Norteamericanas y Europeas, los cuales se centran en el análisis de las características personales y profesionales de dicho grupo de personas. Lo anterior, como base para poder determinar papel de los docentes jubilados como parte del capital intelectual de las Instituciones de Educación Superior más importantes en el contexto colombiano, la Universidad Nacional de Colombia –UNAL-. / Abstract. As a part of the Human Capital of the Higher Education Institute, professors come to play an important role acting as creators, managers and knowledge transmitters. However, as human beings they cross different stages in their life cycle and during that process, they acquire a professional and scientific career that at the retirement moment could become an invaluable capital that could continue being useful to the society. Is at this point when we ask ¿What do the professors do after their retirement? This question become relevance inside one of the most important Higher Education Institute in the Colombian context because of the awareness that it has on the importance, potential and creativity of this group of academics. Another reason is related with using a model for measuring research capabilities of this Higher Education Institute based on Intellectual Capital approach, the retired professors and their legacy as a reiterative subject. The objective of this work is based on building of a methodological proposal for the characterization and analysis of the professional activities developed by the retired professors of the Higher Education Institutions; characterize the activities developed by retired professors of Universidad Nacional de Colombia -UNAL at national level between 2001 and 2011. This based on the one hand, on a bibliographical review of studies done in different North America and United Kingdom Universities which are focused in the analysis of the personal and professional characteristic, also in the analysis of the different professors life-cycle models, and on the other hand, a the current model of the institution for measuring research capabilities based on Intellectual Capital approach. The previous will be the base to determine the role of retired professors as a part of the Intellectual Capital of the Higher Education Institutions and to have inputs for design and follow-up research policies related with retired professors.Maestrí

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030